Online Health Awareness Talk

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��Why do doctors use Veins rather than Arteries to take blood samples?

Doctors can and do use arterial blood sampling but usually only when it is absolutely necessary ie. they need an arterial blood sample for arterial blood gas analysis (ABG) to find out how much oxygen and CO2 is in the arterial blood or when they cannot get venous access (for examples in trauma or otherwise seriously ill patients).
Venous blood is preferred for number of reasons:
- It is easier. Veins are superficial and there are lot of them. If you compress the arm proximally you can see and feel the veins running across the length of the upper limb. If you are taking arterial blood you usually go for the radial artery and you usually have to rely on the pulse you feel (or hear using doppler). Veins also tend to be more tethered if you pick the right spot ie the vein doesn't wiggle away when you try inserting the needle and you don't need to go fishing for it. Veins also have thinner walls which makes it easier to get a needle in. Novices (like myself) may need to use a bit more force to get into the artery and sometimes they push the needle right through the back wall in the process.
- Arterial blood samples are more painful for the patient. I haven't had one done on myself but I have heard that even in optimal situation it is more painful than venous sampling. And because it can be more difficult than venous access the doctor may need to do more poking around to get in, which again, hurts.
- When you are taking blood from the radial artery you are effectively occluding it. Thus the hand relies on alternative arteries for blood supply. You can do Allen test (compression of radial and ulnar artery to cut of the blood supply temporary followed by release of ulnar artery to see if circulation to return) to ensure that there will be sufficient blood supply while taking blood. In theory you can cause ischemic damage to the hand if the collateral supply is poor.
- The arteries have much higher pressure than veins and once you have access the blood will be squirting out (hopefully to your syringe). Once you have withdrawn the needle you should apply pressure to the site for several minutes to reduce bruising. While the blood sample is clotting in your syringe becoming increasing useless. So you compromise between bruising and getting the job done.
- When you are having bloods taken it is usually not done by the doctor. Phlebotomists, health care assistants and nurses take large proportion of bloods in both primary care and hospital settings. They generally have not been trained to do (or their job description doesn't include) arterial blood sampling (with perhaps the exception of ICU nurses or specialist respiratory nurses). Thus it requires a doctor, one you may or may not to spare to do arterial sampling when it is not necessary.
- When you are having bloods taken at hospital the doctor or nurse usually uses it as an opportunity to put a line in for fluids and medications. Generally speaking drugs don't go into arteries. Unless you want to lose a limb.

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Tetanus



Tetanus often begins with mild spasms in the jaw muscles—also known as lockjaw. More symptoms are in picture.

Treatment :- There's no cure for tetanus. A tetanus infection requires emergency and long-term supportive care while the disease runs its course. Treatment consists of wound care, medications to ease symptoms and supportive care, usually in an intensive care unit.

The disease progresses for about two weeks, and recovery can last about a month.

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Tetanus Causing Bacteria:-




Clostridium tetani is an anaerobic bacterium, meaning that it cannot live or grow where oxygen is present. When exposed to air, the bacterium will form a protective spore which allows it to remain in a dormant state, largely impervious to heat, dryness, ultraviolet radiation, or household disinfectants.

The spores can remain viable for years in soil and be reactivated when it is returned to a favorable moist environment. One such environment is a deep puncture wound in which the reactivated bacteria is able to establish an infection.
Once in the body, tetanus will release toxins—known as tetanospasmin toxins —that bind to nerve cells. The toxins will then spread through peripheral nerves until they finally reach the central nervous system (the brain and spinal cord).

As the bacteria multiply and amplify this effect, the tetanospasmin toxins will begin to block the production of certain chemical messengers, known as neurotransmitters, that control voluntary muscle movement.

In terms of toxicity, tetanospasmin toxin is the second deadliest bacterial neurotoxin next to the botulinum toxin found in Botox.

Worldwide, tetanus causes around 60,000 deaths annually.

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🟡 Jaundice Treatment



  jaundice itself usually isn't treated. But your doctor will treat the condition that's causing it.

If you have acute viral hepatitis, jaundice will go away on its own as the liver begins to heal. If a blocked bile duct is to blame, your doctor may suggest surgery to open it.

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Sleeping sickness

 is a disease that attacks the brain, and leaves some in a statue-like condition—speechless and motionless. The disease spread around the world between 1916 and 1926, infecting over 1 million people and directly causing over 500,000 deaths.

#fact
Human African trypanosomiasis, also known as sleeping sickness, is a vector-borne parasitic disease. It is caused by infection with protozoan parasites belonging to the genus Trypanosoma.

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��Why does Chemotherapy cause hair loss?




Chemotherapy, or chemo, is the use of drugs to stop or slow the growth of cancer cells.
Cancer cells tend to divide very quickly—at a much higher rate than most of the cells in the body. They ignore the signals and mechanisms that tell normal cells to stop dividing.
Some normal cells in our bodies also rapidly divide, like hair follicle cells, the mucous membrane cells lining of the digestive tract (mouth, throat, stomach, intestines), and the blood-producing cells in the bone marrow.
Chemotherapy drugs work by targeting rapidly dividing cells. They damage the genetic material inside cells (RNA and DNA) that guide cell division. Chemotherapy drugs cannot tell the difference between these normal, rapidly dividing cells and cancer cells, so the drug affects these cells as well.
The hair follicles have a good blood supply, which unfortunately allows chemotherapy drugs to reach them efficiently. About 65% of people who receive chemotherapy will experience hair loss. The amount of hair loss can depend on which chemotherapy agent is used, as well as the timing, dose, and route of administration. It can also vary from person to person, and it's hard to predict who will be affected most.

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RELIEF LOWER BACK PAIN

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Why does my stomach hurt?



This question is sometimes difficult to answer accurately, even for medical professionals. In about a third of patients, the cause of their ailments can't be determined at all.

This is because there are so many possible causes. The pain may even be psychogenic, meaning that it is caused by stress or the psychological state of the patient.

In the abdominal cavity there are many internal organs and tissues. Pain may be in the intestines, stomach, liver, kidneys, gallbladder and bladder, uterus in women, as well as blood vessels and muscles that cover the abdomen.

And sometimes the problem is not in them at all, but, for example, in the heart - then we talk about irradiating (reflected) pain.

This is why it is so important not to engage in self-diagnosis, but to go to the doctor when you have alarming symptoms. A specialist will assess your well-being, take into account your lifestyle, eating habits, and events that preceded the onset of pain.

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Osteoporosis is one of the inevitable diseases for all of us



Sooner or later our bones will become brittle and break more easily.

Osteoporosis affects all bones of the skeleton - there is a marked decrease in bone mass.

This disease manifests itself at the age over 60 (which is when osteoporosis is usually diagnosed). Osteoporosis has severe consequences for patients: chronic pain and prolonged bed rest due to bone fractures.

Bone mass peaks around the age of 30. Therefore, after the age of thirty it is necessary to maintain muscle tone and stimulate bone regeneration with strength exercises.

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WHY is blood type B-negative the rarest?



The fourth positive type is much more common. The fourth group in general is a mystery, because it came from the fusion of two very different types, A and B. It is a young group, and people with it have a flexible immune system.

This group is unique in that it emerged not because of the influence of the external environment, but as a result of mixed marriages. It is worth mentioning that this group is the most biologically complex.
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Antigens sometimes make it similar to the second, and sometimes even to the third. Occasionally, it also happens that this rare group is something like a combination of both of these groups.

Thus, the fourth blood group is thought to have appeared later than all the others, about a thousand years ago, as a result of the mixing of Mongoloid and Indo-European.

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Is a daytime nap useful?




A short daytime nap, not even more than an hour, will help neutralize excess cortisol (the stress hormone). Such a break is generally refreshing, reduces the risk of migraines, headaches, and promotes recovery.

In addition, it helps to restore the regimen. According to experienced doctors, the opinion that daytime sleep will make it hard to fall asleep at night is nothing more than a myth. And a short rest during the day, on the contrary, will have a beneficial effect on the mode

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How do we talk?

Many people think that the vocal cords play a major role here, but they are only the final stage of this process.

First of all, the sound of our voice is the vibrations of air that originate in the chest.

From the lungs, air travels through the larynx. The mucosa of this organ has folds - vocal cords. They make the air vibrate, creating a sound wave and creating our unique voice.

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Mosquitoes carry some of the most dangerous diseases

 
Malaria, yellow fever, Zika fever, dirofilariosis, meningitis, tularemia...

Perhaps the mosquitoes are most often shadowed by malaria. This is a life-threatening disease, transmitted through the bites of infected mosquitoes - vectors of the genus Anopheles. In the territory of our region this species is almost not found.

However, there is a theoretical possibility that a "normal" mosquito will bite an infected person and then bite another person. In this case, the possibility of malaria transmission is quite high.

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How the brain gets tired from mental work


The brain uses our body's energy sources, glucose and ATP, even more actively than our muscles!

And at some point the strenuous mental process runs out of ATP. This does not affect muscles and other organs, as they have their own energy depot.

However, the brain notices the lack of energy. This is manifested by distraction, inability to concentrate, temporary deterioration of memory.

This condition can be corrected by a full meal and a healthy sleep, after which the brain "reloads" and is ready to get to work again.

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Types of long bone Fractures.

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